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Mobile Operator EE Sets Out UK Approach to Future 2G Switch Off

Monday, Jan 13th, 2025 (9:00 am) - Score 8,160
ee mobile tower mast uk

The Chief Security and Networks Officer of BT Group, Howard Watson, has today joined the COO of BT Business, Kerry Small, in setting out what approach they intend to take when it comes to withdrawing their old 2G mobile service on EE. This will start in the “coming months“, when they’ll begin encouraging some customers to move to their more modern (4G and 5G) network.

The UK government and all major mobile operators have so far agreed to phase-out existing 2G and 3G signals by 2033 (here), which will free up radio spectrum bands so that they can be used to further improve the network coverage and mobile broadband speeds of more modern 4G and 5G networks, as well as future 6G services. The switch-off will also reduce the operators’ costs and power consumption.

NOTE: The older 2G services largely only carried voice and SMS (texts), although it could also handle some basic narrowband style data traffic via General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) technologies etc. Today, just 0.1% of all data on EE’s mobile network is carried over 2G.

In case anybody has forgotten, EE already switched-off their final 3G sites back in February 2024 (here), which actually came before their older 2G network. The situation around 2G tends to be more complicated, not least because older 2G signals remain useful as a low-power fallback when 4G/5G isn’t present and are still necessary for some rural areas, as well as for particular applications (e.g. certain Internet of Things (IoT) / M2M services).

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Suffice to say that it is expected to take several years before 2G can be completely switched off across the United Kingdom, which helps to explain why today’s update from EE does not include a clear timeline. Instead, the operator is looking to “start these conversations early“, so that they can improve their collaboration with customers and make a better plan for the future withdrawal of 2G, which is expressed as taking place “in the years ahead“. The provider then makes clear that they “will not be closing our 2G network until later this decade“.

However, the initial focus will be on their business customers. EE thus intends to contact “all our business customers who still use 2G in their operations” over the “coming months” in order to “encourage and support them in making the move to a modern network; such as 4G, 5G or our new purpose-built Internet of Things (IoT) service used to connect smart devices and sensors.”

In the meantime, the operator said they would continue to prepare for the withdrawal of 2G by “expanding the reach of our 4G and 5G networks and working closely with industry bodies, charities and Ofcom to raise awareness“. But when the time comes, they pledge to “provide comprehensive support – both online and in-person – to all our remaining 2G customers to move to a more modern and robust network“. The full blog post can be found below:

Giving UK businesses the future-fit mobile networks they need

By Howard Watson, Chief Security and Networks Officer, BT Group & Kerry Small, Chief Operating Officer, BT Business

Mobile connectivity has come a long way since the early 1990s when the UK launched its first 2G network. It was a time long before the first smartphone was invented, before the Premier League launched, and even before the first SMS text message was sent.

But it is a world apart from what we, as a society, now demand from our digital communications. Today, just 0.1 percent of all data on our entire EE mobile network is carried over 2G.

As a result, all mobile operators have committed to the UK Government to close their 2G networks by 2033 at the latest. While we will not be closing our 2G network until later this decade, the time for businesses to start preparing is now.

We want to make sure all UK businesses understand how our network is evolving and give several years notice before any changes take effect.

Having first spoken publicly about our 2G retirement plans back in 2021, in the coming months we will be reaching out to all our business customers who still use 2G in their operations to encourage and support them in making the move to a modern network; such as 4G, 5G or our new purpose-built Internet of Things (IoT) service used to connect smart devices and sensors.

Greener. Faster. Stronger.

These modern forms of network connectivity are widespread across the UK, and with cutting-edge technologies like 5G standalone and Global Fabric making headlines, most of our customers already benefit from reliable, secure and energy-efficient connectivity.

Businesses that continue to rely on 2G technology and devices are missing out on better connectivity and the improved functionality, security and productivity that can come from it.

We are listening to our customers, and this long-planned network evolution is our response to their needs. With greater focus on climate change and sustainability targets, more businesses across the UK now only want to use the most energy efficient mobile networks.

2G is extremely energy intensive and, as with any technology, the older it gets the less reliable and more difficult to repair it becomes.
Many operators in the US, Australia and Europe have already switched off their 2G networks. Taking that step here allows us to continue optimising the secure and future-ready networks our customers – and the wider UK economy – need.

Backing UK businesses

If we’re going to provide the UK with a rock-solid foundation to build out its digital economy, then relying on mobile network architecture that was designed three decades ago is not the answer.

Despite the ever-decreasing reliance on 2G, some businesses do still use it as part of their operations, primarily to transfer small amounts of data between devices, sensors or machines.

By reaching out to these businesses now to make them aware of how our network is changing for the better, we can provide tailored support and technical advice so they can upgrade to a modern connection.

We are starting these conversations early so that we can collaborate closely with the business community, giving them certainty and ensuring we take account of their needs in setting a date for the switch off, ensuring several years notice to make the transition safely and affordably.

So, what happens next?

In the years ahead, we will be preparing our network for the closure of 2G. That will include continuing to expand the reach of our 4G and 5G networks and working closely with industry bodies, charities and Ofcom to raise awareness.

When that time comes, we will provide comprehensive support – both online and in-person – to all our remaining 2G customers to move to a more modern and robust network. Doing so will mean they benefit from our cutting-edge connectivity, which many businesses are already using to power greener growth for decades to come.

One possible problem here is that the 3G switch-off did expose a few weak areas of pre-planning and 4G coverage, where some customers of various operators and in certain locations found they were only able to access a 2G service after the old 3G one was withdrawn (mainly impacting data / broadband services).

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Complaints like those above are in the minority, but we have seen a few of them. Suffice to say, mobile operators will need to be particularly cautious with the 2G switch-off, as a tiny proportion of people may have no fallback if 4G or 5G isn’t improved first. EE clearly say they want to do this before 2G is switched-off, so that’s a positive, and we’ll be keeping a close eye on this.

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Mark-Jackson
By Mark Jackson
Mark is a professional technology writer, IT consultant and computer engineer from Dorset (England), he also founded ISPreview in 1999 and enjoys analysing the latest telecoms and broadband developments. Find me on X (Twitter), Mastodon, Facebook, BlueSky, Threads.net and .
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37 Responses

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  1. Avatar photo Jon says:

    I don’t think rural coverage is the issue with EE, their 4G coverage has exceeded 2G for many years now – and where the serving sites are 800Mhz equipped, 2G (on 1800Mhz) need not apply. There are some 2G-only spots, but by golly they’re hard to find.

    Suspect older 2G-only devices will be the bigger problem.

    1. Avatar photo Gigabit says:

      The problem with EE is indoor coverage in general. Their 800MHz rollout was pretty thin on the ground – which I understand because it doesn’t actually provide usable data in many places – and so far I’m not seeing much change with band 28.

      This is why it was a big mistake to not have them gain 5MHz of band 20 from Vodafone/Three.

      Sadly EE seems set to be “very fast but poor indoors”. Perhaps Vodafone/Three will provide both but Vodafone tends to destroy companies they buy so I am not confident. O2, slow but good indoors. So not useful either.

    2. Avatar photo Chris says:

      EE was a pretty big buyer of 700mhz in the latest auction – 10mhz paired (so tripling their bandwidth when paired with their 800mhz), and 20mhz of 700mhz supplementary downlink.
      The supplementary downlink is not used at all, and isn’t supported by any phones yet sadly, but EE is potentially well positioned to boost their low band capacity.

    3. Avatar photo Jon R says:

      I tend to disagree with you, rural network has clearly got worst over recent times, more to do with a lack of coverage from the 5g network, I used to able to talk to my wife all the way home, but it now cuts out regularly during the same journey, I don’t necessarily believe EE when they say it will improve, but I certainly hope it does.

    4. Avatar photo J Gallogly says:

      The network experience for EE users in Northern Ireland must be entirely different to those in Great Britain then. Large swathes of rural countryside in Northern Ireland do not have any network coverage with EE (and while we’re on it, Three), Vodafone and O2 are the networks of choice here for rural coverage. I get the feeling that for EE, Northern Ireland is an afterthought, with coverage mainly centering around larger towns and cities and investment doesn’t seem to be forthcoming to improve things, it all seems to be GB centered.

  2. Avatar photo tonyp says:

    I’m puzzled by the ‘greener’ claim. OK the 4G/5G equipment may consume less power due to being newer but I’m thinking that the ERP of the transmitters must exceed that of the older 2G, lower bandwidth kit to ensure reliable connections at the higher bit rates.

    1. Avatar photo Chris says:

      4G has a higher throughput/W on the actual mast compared to 3G and 2G.

      Removing 2 & 3G means fewer boxes on masts (RRUs, MHAs, etc), and fewer components in the network core (server racks etc)

    2. Avatar photo Simon Farnsworth says:

      4G uses less power per idle device, less power per active device for any given throughput that 2G can achieve, and can have more idle devices per Hz than 2G (which allows you to have fewer cells that overlap in space but not frequency).

      Next, 4G cells are much more power efficient because they use more complex modulation and FEC (which means that you can’t decode LTE on 1990s DSPs, and need semiconductors from 2010 or later) and also have a finer grained timing and power control loop than GSM, meaning that the power used is much more tightly controlled based on how far users are from the tower.

      And finally, 4G cells can be much larger for the same power level; where a 2G cell is limited to 35 km distance from cell tower by timing advance (unless you halve capacity with dual timeslot extended range operations, which means fewer devices per cell), a 4G cell can exceed 100 km distance from cell tower if the RF conditions are right.

      The big underlying shift is that 2G had to “waste” RF power to make up for compute limitations; Evolved EDGE (never deployed) caps out at about 50% of the Shannon bound on the cell, while GSM voice is only able to reach 5% of the Shannon bound. In contrast, LTE runs at about 70% of the Shannon bound in typical deployments with low-end handsets, going up from there.

  3. Avatar photo htmm says:

    I think turning off 3G was a reasonable step, however I think 2G would needed to be kept for the foreseeable future. Not all 4G/VoLTE phones are supported on all networks and most of the end users have no idea about it. After I suggested they should find the (often well hidden) list of supported phones they had to abandon the phone they chosen and buy a different brand.
    Falling back to 2G for calls is not a problem for these users – when it works. I had to switch from Spusu back to Talkmobile because my handset is not supported for VoLTE on EE. I was aware of it before signing up for Spusu but the 2G fallback simply didn’t work and their support couldn’t/didn’t want to fix this issue. I still have a 1pmobile sim in a 2G only device (nothing critical) and that started to experience calling issues.

    1. Avatar photo Ivor says:

      I suppose the question is – what should the MNOs do to accommodate people who are not their direct customer and probably didn’t buy the handset from them? The UK networks don’t operate a handset blacklist and so it is left up to the glorious free market and an element of personal responsibility.

      You could argue that it becomes a problem for the MVNO and more realistically the phone’s retailer, if they are not one and the same. They knew this was coming and should have worked to fix it, but perhaps the revenues generated aren’t enough to sustain that kind of work.

    2. Avatar photo htmm says:

      Hi Ivor,

      > They knew this was coming and should have worked to fix it

      The problem is the VoLTE standard being incomplete and every network has to configure each type of handset for voice call. If you want and iPhone or a Samsung phone it is not going to be a problem but it might be nearly impossible for smaller manufacturers to get their phones work.

      The MNOs and MVNOs are also doing absolutely nothing about raising awareness of the issue. I heard too many times “I’m using 4G calls, my phone is VoLTE compatible, it’s in the specifications!” – while they were falling back to 2G because their phone is not supported for VoLTE.

      In my opinion, the best solution would be an universal VoLTE profile which would end this chaos. I heard rumors of this is in progress, but I am not too optimistic. Other option would be to compel the operators to make any phone working on their network if their manufacturer asks – but I’m not sure if this is technically feasible at all. Until this is solved, I don’t think we are ready to talk about the 2G switch off.

      > The UK networks don’t operate a handset blacklist and so it is left up to the glorious free market and an element of personal responsibility.

      While this is technically true, the current situation looks like provides needs to “whitelist” each phone for voice calls, so the free market can’t solve it. Even if I made the best phone of the world, I couldn’t sell it successfully, because no voice calls are possible. And why would providers work on my device to support VoLTE if I had no user base? This creates a chicken and egg problem that only the small players are interested in to solve.

    3. Avatar photo Ivor says:

      as I understand things, and I may be wrong, it’s a matter of settings. Some people have succeeded in getting a formerly non-working Android device operational by rooting it and loading the settings manually but that clearly isn’t a solution for everyone.

      Those smaller manufacturers don’t need to do very much other than ensuring that all of the settings are baked in to their firmware. Google supposedly maintains a database of those settings, so why isn’t it making it into every Android handset?

      The GSM association does have a recommended universal VoLTE profile though I am not sure if the UK networks – MNO and MVNO alike – implement it.

      “Other option would be to compel the operators to make any phone working on their network if their manufacturer asks – but I’m not sure if this is technically feasible at all. ” – wrong way around. The *manufacturers* should be compelled to ensure support on all UK MNOs and at least the major MVNOs before it gets UKCA or other necessary regulatory approval. Perhaps that is an argument for a handset whitelist?

      I think it says a lot that I can take an MVNO SIM out of a VoLTE non-functional Android device, slap it into a £10 Nokia 4G dumbphone which is not an Android device (and not sold directly by any MNO), and see that VoLTE immediately starts working.

    4. Avatar photo htmm says:

      > slap it into a £10 Nokia 4G dumbphone which is not an Android device (and not sold directly by any MNO), and see that VoLTE immediately starts working

      I’m interested now! Which Nokia dumbphone is this? (And which M(V)NO are you using it with?) I want to buy one to test.

    5. Avatar photo Simon Farnsworth says:

      I’ve put an EE SIM in a Nokia 105 4G, and had it come up on 4G and do VoLTE

    6. Avatar photo Ivor says:

      any of the Nokia 4G dumbphones should work the same, though in my case it was a Nokia 105. £10 at Argos though it seems it’s gone up a bit now. I also note that they claim it must be sold with a £10 vodafone topup though that wasn’t enforced when I did it.

    7. Avatar photo Blue Shirt Guy says:

      “the best solution would be an universal VoLTE profile”

      The IMS “Universal Profile” has been a thing for 8 years. 🙂

      Of course XKCD style the beauty of adding it as a standard is there’s now an extra standard that phone makers need to support. The main broads seem fine, but there’s a surprising amount of cheap landfill Android still being sold.

    8. Avatar photo MilesT says:

      Yeah not every network supports VoLTE. My wife had to finally move away from here much loved Blackberry Key2 on Three because Three turned off 3G and also doesn’t support VoLTE on Blackberry.

      Related point about EE rural coverage (sample size of one): Belatedly turned on 5G in Holt, Norfolk, about a year after their local mast partner, Three, turned on 5G. So that’s something.

  4. Avatar photo Kris says:

    Like everything else in the UK things take too long.

    It takes 8 years to switch off 2G because you tell people it will be switched off in 8 years. They do absolutely nothing for the first 5-6 years to move away.

    If they said the deadline was 2028 then people would take action far sooner.

    1. Avatar photo Blue Shirt Guy says:

      “If they said the deadline was 2028 then people would take action far sooner.”

      And then when it’s not switched off in 2028 due to smart meters needing it, people won’t believe you the next time you give them a deadline. 🙂

  5. Avatar photo James says:

    Good to see Amazon selling a Doro 2404 2G Dual SIM Unlocked Basic Mobile Phone for Seniors! Other phones are available!

  6. Avatar photo Big Dave says:

    It’s good that the the UK government have agreed to phase out 2G & 3G networks while at the same time they are still encouraging the energy companies to install smart meters that rely on these technologies (in the south anyway), about par for the course I suppose.

    1. Avatar photo Alan says:

      They’ve already contracted with Vodafone to deliver a 4G based replacement solution. How many customers will be willing to have the home visit to replace the communications module ahead of the 2G switch-off is a different matter!

    2. Avatar photo Chris says:

      This article is about EE’s 2G network, which isn’t used for smart meters.

      The O2 CTO specifically said:

      “Unlike our 3G network, we won’t be turning 2G off completely. In fact, we expect to continue operating it for several years and it will play an important role in carrying emergency calls in more remote areas without 4G coverage. We’ll also use it to support data traffic for smart energy meters, contributing to the UK’s transition to a lower-carbon economy.”

      https://www.ispreview.co.uk/index.php/2024/07/virgin-media-o2-reveals-uk-plan-for-2g-mobile-switch-off.html

  7. Avatar photo Anthony T says:

    “Today, just 0.1 percent of all data on our entire EE mobile network is carried over 2G.”. I think a more sensible statistic would be how many devices are still using 2G. Operating a small MNO in rural Not-Spots I can tell you that it is not an insignificant number of devices vs 4G.

    1. Mark-Jackson Mark Jackson says:

      What’s your experience been Anthony?

  8. Avatar photo David says:

    Step 1 needs to be ensuring all manufacturers and retailers withdraw their 2G-only mobile handsets, monitored alarm systems etc from sale as soon as possible so the natural replacement of old devices over time can help to reduce the number of 2G devices still in circulation.

    What’s the plan for the replacement of all the old SMETS1 smart meters in the parts of the country where standard mobile networks are used for the connectivity? Energy companies and DNO’s already have no interest in replacing the ones that have failed, let alone going back to upgrade every installation. We’ve been trying to get ours replaced for the last 2 years after the software update to make them behave more like SMETS2 failed and bricked it.

    1. Avatar photo Chris says:

      Smart meters don’t use EE’s network, so there’s no issue for EE there.

      In the southern half of the UK, smart meters use O2’s network. O2 would absolutely not be able to withdraw their service without considering smart meters, as there will be a contract in place to access these services.

      2G will be hanging around in some form till at least 2033 – but personally I imagine one 2G network will be retained (probably O2 or Vodafone’s, spun off) like we did with the pager network for these specific demands. There’s no reason why smart meters would be left high and dry deliberately.

    2. Avatar photo Jooles says:

      The first pilot of a 4G Smart Meter roll out started by British Gas in December 2024. Mass rollout won’t start until Summer 2025.

      Absolutely hopeless.

      https://essmag.co.uk/british-gas-powers-smart-meter-upgrade-with-first-4g-communication-hub-install/

  9. Avatar photo Phil says:

    I am more than welcome for EE to switch off 2G / 3G as we do not need it anymore. Roll on for 4G / 5G and future upcoming 6G.

  10. Avatar photo Gareth says:

    They turned off 3G and rural coverage got drastically worse, they’re turning off 2G yet the emergency services still use this for now!.

    How about actually getting a decent 4G coverage before you turn anything else off. Oh the cry use WiFi at home, hate to break it to you but no WiFi on a footpath or down a field and even then BT/EE ADSL is less than 10mb outside of village or towns.

    Many people here have had to go to starlink because BT won’t just remove the poles and put in fibre saving £6 a pole forever!.

    1. Avatar photo Ivor says:

      the emergency services currently use Airwave. That is a separate network using a different technology, with no relation to any mobile operator (though BT/O2 did own it at one point). The ESN contract with EE is for access to their 4G network though it seems obvious that 5G will be part of it eventually, and part of that contract is to upgrade the network to provide coverage levels similar to Airwave.

      EE 4G coverage works well for me in my rural area, and it seems others are fine with the existing coverage across all four networks plus FTTC and increasing FTTP because I have not seen a single starlink dish on any properties around here. Not one.

      Of course no mobile network anywhere in the world can cover every square metre of land, and in my experience people like to use the relatively low number of actual “not spots” to exaggerate the reality

    2. Avatar photo David says:

      Where I live in Leeds I never received any 4G or 5G service indoors on EE or Vodafone, even 2G barely works indoors. A few months after the 3G switchoff our EE handsets started indicating they were receiving a 5G signal indoors and Vodafone handsets started indicating they were receiving a 4G+ service indoors (albeit only 2-3 Mbps up/down on both networks). Presumably the result of the networks re-allocating the 3G spectrum to 4G/5G. Hopefully the same improvement will happen again once the redundant 2G spectrum becomes available for re-use.

    3. Avatar photo SicOf says:

      These days it seems like mobile phones (or individual targetted sales point?) are hardly for the owners benefit but like convenince for businesses/authorities?
      My dear old Nokia 6310i, is doing me proud, 10 days battery life and does job mavellously as intended for a actual calling- speaking to people, device, even does sms.
      I can’t wait for all the caring service providers to provide me with a (free) replacement calling device should they wontonly ‘change’ the carrier bands.
      Cost of change for what benefit to the paying individual, or just coercement for increased costs on consumers?

  11. Avatar photo Anon says:

    I work at an EE store. My concern is for the handful (0.01%) of elderly on their pay as you go 2g devices. Imo the 2g network needs to be protected for another 20 years. The elderly person who makes a call a month and tops up no more than £10 every 4 months, the ones who rely on their mobile solely as a backup and not a day to day phone. It’s these vulnerable individuals that will be at risk.that aside I’m fairly confident that 2g is not needed for 99% of the customers I see and EE has coverage in some of the most remote locations in the UK.

    1. Avatar photo Blue Shirt Guy says:

      It’s even worse than that. Due to the landline switch off many elderly and disabled alert systems have switched to using the mobile networks. A surprising number are 2G only. You’ve also got the issue of emergency calls from roaming handsets without working VoLTE which has become a major issue in Australia where they bizarrely turned off 2G before 3G. Keeping one 2G channel active for emergency and SMS use in each cell, in this age of software defined radio, should be trivial and use so little bandwidth and power it wouldn’t be noticeable.

    2. Avatar photo Ivor says:

      keeping 2G available in any form is a significant cost and complexity no MNO wants to have in the long term. They also wouldn’t want to face regulatory/legal issues should this minimal 2G setup fail to work someone’s telecare device or 999 call.

      Rip the plaster off. Much like what’s going on with PSTN services, the telecare and alarm sectors have had years to prepare for this and it is up to them to adapt. It isn’t up to the telcos to carry the can.

      As for the people who just have a phone, there are plenty of VoLTE capable dumbphones available, including models with big buttons and amplified speakers and all that stuff. Give them out to the handful of identified vulnerable users and move on.

      The Australian emergency calls issue does not solely affect roaming users. It affects any handset that doesn’t behave correctly, and this is overwhelmingly made up of handsets imported from abroad, not units sold by the Australian MNOs or local retailers. There is also a separate issue where some phone refurbishers have brought in US spec handsets without being aware that it doesn’t support all available bands in Australia.

  12. Avatar photo Suspendas says:

    Tech moves on, EE low 4G/5G bands are B28/n28 what is both 700MHz and then B20 what is 800MHz for 4G only and will no doubt have n20 for 5G for 800mhz soon, so thats b20/b28 for 4G and n20/n28 for 5G for EE. Shame EE only have b3/n3 for there 2G network but more b3/n3 bandwidth MHz will be widen.

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